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- VIETNAM, Page 59The Truth at Last
-
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- How two "walk-in" intelligence sources paved the way for a major
- U.S.-Vietnamese breakthrough on POWs and MIAs, and likely diplomatic
- relations as well
-
- By BRUCE VAN VOORST/WASHINGTON
-
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- Tom Clancy or John Le Carre might hesitate at making
- credible fiction of this tale. Imagine that the Vietnamese
- government signs a contract with an American researcher to write
- a book on the Vietnam War, using secret archives that Hanoi has
- insisted for 20 years do not exist. Then suppose that the
- American volunteers this information to the Pentagon, which
- first rebuffs him, then takes him in, only to discover that the
- evidence represents a genuine breakthrough in the decades-long
- effort to identify Americans missing or captured in Vietnam.
-
- This is exactly what has happened since Ted Schweitzer,
- 50, a U.N. worker and university librarian, informed Washington
- officials last fall that he had not only got permission to
- review these hidden archives, but had been given an office in
- Hanoi's central Museum of the People's Army of Vietnam to review
- them. U.S. intelligence had long believed the museum housed a
- major cache of meticulously maintained and documented accounts
- of missing American service personnel; now they had proof.
-
- By the time President Bush announced the news last week,
- Washington had enough fresh material to begin settling what
- might be hundreds of the unresolved cases. Schweitzer told TIME
- that while complete evidence lies scattered "throughout the
- country," the key is the museum's one-inch-thick central index
- -- the Red Book -- cataloging everything the Vietnamese
- government knows about American servicemen.
-
- At first, Schweitzer said, he tried to sell his book
- proposal to New York City publishers, but for three years
- "nobody was interested." At "wit's end," he turned to an old
- friend in official Washington, State Department official Richard
- Armitage, then at the Pentagon. But when Schweitzer offered his
- services, he was turned down. "I had to force Ted down the
- throats of the intelligence bureacracy," says a Defense
- Intelligence Agency official. The agency soon reversed itself,
- and under the code name Swamp Ranger, set Schweitzer to screen
- the Hanoi archives, copying enormous numbers of documents on a
- $50,000 data scanner the U.S. provided him -- which Vietnam, to
- the Pentagon's amazement, allowed him to use.
-
- In July, Swamp Ranger began to deliver the major part of
- what became a trove of more than 5,000 black-and-white photos.
- Many of them are different views of the same individuals, but
- 1,700 different servicemen are included. Schweitzer also copied
- thousands of supporting documents from the archives, including
- photos of artifacts such as dog tags, uniform name strips,
- helmets, flight suits, eyeglasses, ID cards, class and wedding
- rings and many other personal items. "At one point," recalls
- principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Carl Ford, "I
- suddenly thought, wow, the Rosetta stone of the MIA issue."
-
- Most of the men in the photos are clearly dead; 272 show
- live servicemen known to be some of the 591 prisoners who
- returned to the U.S. in 1973 in Operation Homecoming. A Pentagon
- task force is working with photo interpreters to identify the
- rest, aided by considerable quantities of notes accompanying
- each picture in a paper sleeve, often including the date and
- location of a plane crash.
-
- Among the first to be verified was F-4D fighter-bomber
- pilot Lieut. Colonel Joseph Morrison, shot down on Nov. 25,
- 1968. He died after he parachuted safely to the ground. But the
- F-4D is a two-seat aircraft, and Pentagon analysts noted one
- photo of Morrison's personal effects showed an extra pistol;
- this led them to confirm the death of his back-seater San D.
- Francisco. Intelligence analysts now expect that the Hanoi
- museum material already in hand may clear up 23 of the 135
- so-called discrepancy cases, where the U.S. knows an individual
- survived a plane crash or was captured, but has not been able
- subsequently to account for him.
-
- Schweitzer seems to have acquired his information through
- a quiet manner and dogged patience that won the trust of the
- Vietnamese. They regarded him as a hero who was severely beaten
- by Thai pirates while working for the U.N. to protect fleeing
- Vietnamese boat people, and as a benefactor who started a
- philanthropic foundation to deliver pharmaceuticals to
- Vietnamese medical clinics. His material was partly confirmed
- by black-and-white photos supplied by a North Carolina native
- named Eugene Brown. Brown apparently acquired his pictures
- through his Vietnamese wife, who had intelligence connections
- in her homeland. He offered his evidence this spring to the
- Pentagon in exchange for help in traveling to Vietnam. Although
- the materials Brown (code-named Druid Smoke) eventually
- delivered in many cases duplicated Schweitzer's, the two sources
- confirmed each other. "Anyone who thinks there's a big museum
- in Hanoi where you can back up a C-130 and answer all the
- POW/MIA questions is mistaken," said Schweitzer.
-
- Initially, U.S. officials were uncertain what to make of
- these disclosures. Washington finally decided that Hanoi -- or
- at least some officials there -- was sending a signal that it
- finally wanted to meet Washington's principal precondition for
- re-establishing diplomatic relations: a full accounting of the
- missing. The payoff would be genuine progress toward normal ties
- and an end to the 17-year trade embargo, possibly before the end
- of the year.
-
- What happens next depends entirely on the Vietnamese.
- Schweitzer says, "We're just at the beginning of the beginning."
- He is returning to Hanoi to help a team of American experts gain
- unfettered access to the documents. Schweitzer is worried that
- the archives could quickly deteriorate and that "key people who
- know a lot" could die before a full accounting is made. Though
- this new access provides no indication that there are any live
- American POWs, the U.S. may finally be able to give the dead a
- decent burial.
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